# Spanish Grammar & Framework Rules ### Demonstrative Spatial Distances * **Near Speaker:** This / These ➔ *Este / Esta / Estos / Estas* * **Near Listener:** That / Those ➔ *Ese / Esa / Esos / Esas* * **Far from Both:** That / Those over there ➔ *Aquel / Aquella / Aquellos / Aquellas* ### Structural Mechanics * **Plurals:** Add **-s** if the word ends in a vowel. Add **-es** if it ends in a consonant. * **Negatives:** Place **no** immediately *before* the verb (e.g. *Él no es alto*). * **Punctuation:** Inverted marks (`¿` / `¡`) are mostly for formal writing and books, rarely in casual text. --- ### Flashcards What primary function does the verb "ser" serve? :: Descriptions / Fundamental characteristics <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,190--> What primary functions does the verb "estar" serve? :: Feelings, physical locations, and temporary states / nature <!--SR:!2026-09-08,4,230--> How do you make a descriptive adjective plural in spanish? :: Keep the masculine form, then add "-s" if it ends in a vowel, or "-es" if it ends in a consonant <!--SR:!2026-09-27,23,250--> How are negative sentences structured in Spanish? :: Place "no" immediately before the verb (e.g. Él no es alto) <!--SR:!2026-10-11,37,290--> Are inverted punctuation marks typically used in casual written Spanish? :: No. They are generally reserved for formal writing and books. <!--SR:!2026-11-03,60,310--> What are the three degrees of spatial distance for Spanish demonstratives? :: 1. Near speaker (this/these) // 2. Near listener (that/those) // 3. Far from both (that/those over there) <!--SR:!2026-09-04,0,230--> What is the neuter form *esto* used for? :: Unspecified objects, unknown items, or abstract concepts near the speaker. <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> What is the neuter form *eso* used for? :: Unspecified objects, unknown items, or abstract concepts near the listener. <!--SR:!2026-09-07,3,250--> this (masculine singular) :: este <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> this (feminine singular) :: esta <!--SR:!2026-09-04,0,230--> these (masculine plural) :: estos <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> these (feminine plural) :: estas <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> that (masculine singular - near listener) :: ese <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> that (feminine singular - near listener) :: esa <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> those (masculine plural - near listener) :: esos <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> those (feminine plural - near listener) :: esas <!--SR:!2026-09-07,3,250--> that (masculine singular - far away) :: aquel <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> that (feminine singular - far away) :: aquella <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> those (masculine plural - far away) :: aquellos <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> those (feminine plural - far away) :: aquellas <!--SR:!2026-09-05,1,230--> How do you say "more than" in a Spanish comparison? :: más + adj + que How do you say "less than" in a Spanish comparison? :: menos + adj + que How do you say "as... as..." (equality) in a Spanish comparison? :: tan + adj + como What are the singular and plural forms of "better" in Spanish? :: mejor / mejores What are the singular and plural forms of "worse" in Spanish? :: peor / peores Luis is more intelligent than Marcos ::: Luis es más inteligente que Marcos. Marcos is less tall than Luis ::: Marcos es menos alto que Luis. Luis is as tall as Marcos ::: Luis es tan alto como Marcos. María is better than Marcos ::: María es mejor que Marcos. My dog is better than your dog ::: Mi perro es mejor que tu perro. My car is worse than your car ::: Mi coche es peor que tu coche. What is "por"? :: The reason for an action. Reason, movement, exchange, duration. What does "por" translate to? :: "because of", "through", "around" What is "para"? :: Purpose, destination, recipient, deadline. What does "para" translate to? :: "for", "in order to"